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- <text id=94TT0755>
- <title>
- Jun. 13, 1994: Medicine:Thalidomide's Return
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Jun. 13, 1994 Korean Conflict
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- MEDICINE, Page 67
- Thalidomide's Return
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Three decades after maiming thousands of children, the drug
- is increasingly useful--but perilous as ever
- </p>
- <p>By Christine Gorman--Reported by Ian McCluskey/Belo Horizonte and Lawrence Mondi/New
- York
- </p>
- <p> Bundled in a stark white hospital blanket, Rafael looks like
- any other month-old baby. But when his mother, Luciene das Dores,
- unwraps the snug cover, the sight is shocking: Rafael has no
- arms or legs. "I got very upset and started to cry when I first
- saw him," says Das Dores, 23, a part-time cleaning woman who
- lives in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. "When I saw him with only a
- head and a torso, I was devastated. I wanted to kill myself."
- She could not help feeling guilty: unaware that she might hurt
- her baby, she had taken the powerful sedative thalidomide during
- her pregnancy.
- </p>
- <p> Her story is a flashback to an old nightmare. Yes, Das Dores
- took the same medication that made headlines 33 years ago when
- it produced 12,000 severely deformed children around the world.
- But while the word thalidomide became synonymous with tragedy
- and its use as a sleeping pill was banned, the drug did not
- disappear. In fact, it has made a quiet comeback. For all its
- dangers, thalidomide has benefits that have made it an increasingly
- valuable medicine when used carefully. Misuse, however, has
- caused a grim side effect: the reappearance of "thalidomide
- babies."
- </p>
- <p> Trouble strikes when patients don't know about thalidomide's
- dark side--and when those selling and dispensing the drug
- don't give adequate warning. Although the U.S. has strict rules
- governing thalidomide's use, controls are much laxer in some
- other parts of the world. The consequences are now apparent
- in Brazil, which has at least 46 new instances of birth defects
- caused by thalidomide. If there are cases in other countries,
- they haven't received the same publicity, but given the increasing
- use of the drug, health officials fear that the problem will
- be widespread.
- </p>
- <p> A few years after the initial thalidomide disaster, researchers
- discovered that the drug has an almost miraculous ability to
- treat complications of leprosy. Then they learned they could
- use it against some of the potentially fatal side effects of
- bone-marrow surgery. The past year has brought reports that
- the drug may help fight tuberculosis, a common cause of blindness
- called macular degeneration and even AIDS.
- </p>
- <p> Brazil is one of the largest producers of thalidomide because
- it is home to perhaps 300,000 people who suffer from leprosy.
- About 30,000 of them take the drug to soothe the excruciating
- pain and eradicate the lesions that occur in severe cases of
- the infection. The only alternative treatment, corticosteroids,
- does not work as quickly or as completely. "The pain was so
- great that I couldn't walk," says Irani, 24, a former patient
- at the Santa Isabel leper colony. "I almost died. Thalidomide
- was my salvation."
- </p>
- <p> Irani was lucky to have doctors who cared enough to take precautions.
- They administered the drug only after putting her in a hospital,
- where they could make sure she did not become pregnant. But
- some doctors give out prescriptions without telling patients
- of the danger, much less keeping them under observation. In
- other cases, the patients, who are often poor and barely literate,
- ignore or misunderstand what they are being told.
- </p>
- <p> Greed also comes into play. Although only two companies are
- authorized to produce the drug in Brazil, several underground
- laboratories reportedly sell it to people without a prescription.
- Health authorities shut down one illicit operation last year,
- after a TV-news crew showed how easy it was to buy the pills.
- </p>
- <p> The resurgence of birth defects is especially painful for members
- of Brazil's first thalidomide generation, born around 1960.
- They believe the government has not done enough to warn women
- and have started their own education campaign. "People still
- believe this kind of thing is God's punishment or even a side
- effect of leprosy," says Rosangela Nascimento, head of the Thalidomide
- Victims Association.
- </p>
- <p> In the meantime, U.S. scientists are trying to find out more
- about how thalidomide works. They have learned that the drug,
- besides having sedative effects, blocks two important processes
- in the body. The first involves the production of a substance
- called tumor necrosis factor, or TNF, which fights both malignant
- cells and infections. But if too much TNF is produced, as apparently
- happens in leprosy, AIDS and tuberculosis, the body makes itself
- sicker. The second process stymied by thalidomide is the creation
- of new blood vessels, which is crucial to the development of
- arms and legs in the fetus. The eventual goal of researchers
- is to alter thalidomide somehow so that it continues to inhibit
- TNF without harming nascent arteries and veins.
- </p>
- <p> Such efforts will be of little comfort to the families of children
- like Rafael. Until thalidomide is made safe, governments will
- have no choice but to regulate the drug tightly and publicize
- its perils.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-